In 2016 the Joint WHO/FAO Meeting on Pesticide Residues considered that glyphosate is not carcinogenic in rats, but the possibility that it is carcinogenic in mice at very high doses could not be excluded, concluding that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic risk to humans from exposure through the diet ( 41). Also in 2015, a review by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that while carcinogenic glyphosate-containing formulations may exist, studies that look solely at the active substance glyphosate did not show such effect, and glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic threat to humans ( 13). The IARC review also noted positive findings for multiple myeloma (MM) in three studies. In 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified glyphosate as probable human carcinogen (category 2A), based on sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of glyphosate in experimental animals, limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans, based on NHL results, and evidence that exposure to glyphosate is genotoxic and can induce oxidative stress in experimental animals and in humans in vitro ( 20). A 2013 review by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment concluded that the available data were contradictory with regard to associations between exposure to glyphosate formulations and risk of various cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) ( 14). In recent years the hypothesis has arisen about the capacity of glyphosate to cause cancer in humans. Glyphosate has been the subject of regular assessments by national and international regulatory agencies ( 38, 39), which have established that glyphosate has a relatively low toxicity in mammals. While glyphosate and formulations have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide, concerns about their effects on humans and the environment have appeared and have grown as the global usage of the agent increased ( 27). The patent expired in 2000 and the agent is currently produced and sold by various manufacturers ( 20, 37). Glyphosate was first synthesized in 1950 and was introduced in the market as herbicide in 1974 it quickly became one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide it is used in agriculture and forestry, for weeds in industrial areas, as well as on lawns and gardens.

It is a phosphonate agent, and interferes with the synthesis of aromatic amino acids by inhibiting the plant enzyme, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which is responsible for biosynthesis of the aromatic aminoacids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan via the shikimate pathway. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide and crop desiccant commonly used worldwide by both professional applicators and consumers.

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